Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
The role and delicate balance of Host Immunity in Coronavirus Disease-19
1
12
EN
Ashish
Kumar
Vyas
0000-0001-6333-0195
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
a88_ashish@yahoo.co.in
Vishwanath
Varma
0000-0002-1599-8286
Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore, India
varma88@gmail.com
Garima
Garg
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
garimadubey85@gmail.com
Priyal
Gupta
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
priyalgupta818@gmail.com
Nirupma
Trehanpati
0000-0002-6109-0033
Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
trehanpati@gmail.com
10.22034/iji.2021.88526.1874
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe form of the respiratory illness known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic with a high number of fatalities. Approximately 112,654,202 people have been infected so far with this disease which has led to the death of more than one point seven million (2,496,749) till 24th Feb, 2021. Measures to counter this disease have led to a global economic slowdown. Multiple drug trials are ongoing and several putative candidates for vaccination against the virus have been approved and are in the pipeline. Many studies have also characterized the immunological profile of patients infected with COVID-19. Some studies suggest that the severity of the COVID-19 infection is directly associated with the cytokine storm. In this review, we aim to compile the available knowledge and describe the nature of immune responses in patients infected with COVID-19 in different age groups, comorbidity, and immune-compromised state and their association with disease severity.
COVID-19,Immune response,COVID-19 Infection,Immune Cells
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47385.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47385_0c20a634c1c00dd1a7e71961e1c4f444.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Serological and Molecular Tests for COVID-19: a recent update
13
33
EN
Amir Hossein
Mansourabadi
0000-0001-7352-2318
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
a.mansourabadi.67@gmail.com
Mona
Sadeghalvad
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mona.sad64@gmail.com
Hamid-Reza
Mohammadimotlagh
Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
mohammadimotlagh@gmail.com
Aliakbar
Amirzargar
0000-0002-7442-2519
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
amirzara@tums.ac.ir
10.22034/iji.2021.88660.1894
The COVID-19 pandemic is probably the most devastating worldwide challenge in recent century. COVID-19 leads to a mild to severe respiratory disease and affects different organs and has become a global concern since December 2019. Meanwhile, molecular biology and diagnostic laboratories played an essential role in diagnosis of the disease by introducing serological and molecular tests. Molecular-based techniques are reliable detection tools for SARS-CoV-2 and used for diagnosis of patients especially in the early stage of the disease. While, serological assays are considered as additional tools to verify the asymptomatic infections, tracing previous contacts of individuals, vaccine efficacy, and study the seroprevalance. The average time of the appearance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the patient's serum is 3-6 days after the onset of symptoms for both IgM and IgA and 10-18 days for IgG. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, FDA has approved and authorized a series of serological laboratory tests for early diagnosis. Serological assays have low-cost and provide fast results but have poor sensitivity in the early stage of the viral infection. Although the serological tests may not play an important role in the active case of COVID-19, it could be effective to determine the immunity of health care workers, and confirm late COVID-19 cases during the outbreak. In this review, we compared various laboratory diagnostic assays for COVID-19.
COVID-19,Laboratory Diagnosis Tests,PCR,SARS-CoV-2,Serological Assays
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47386.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47386_056e26e76c7e7e8b957949f4d9887dcc.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin M and G Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study
34
46
EN
Mobina
Fathi
0000-0002-4811-3982
Student research committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mobina.fathi78@gmail.com
Kimia
Vakili
• Student research committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
kimiavakili1377@gmail.com
Fatemeh
Sayehmiri
• Student research committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
fsayehmiri@yahoo.com
Ashraf
Mohamadkhani
• Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mohamadkhani.ashraf@gmail.com
Reza
Ghanbari
• Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
r.ghanbari98@gmail.com
Mohammadreza
Hajiesmaeili
0000-0003-0023-810X
Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mrhajiesmaeili@sbmu.ac.ir
Mostafa
Rezaei-Tavirani
• Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
tavirany@yahoo.com
10.22034/iji.2021.87723.1824
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new global health threat. <strong class="sub-title">Objectives: </strong>To analyze the effectiveness of the measurement of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV2 (IgM and IgG) for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and to analyze the rate of SARS-CoV2 seroprevalence in the population. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> 11 relevant studies, published before June 5, 2020, were included in this meta-analysis. These studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE and Scopus databases. The final selected studies were analyzed using STATA version 14. Publication bias was examined using both Egger's test and Funnel plots. Moreover, the I² statistic has been used to evaluate and verify heterogeneity. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> The 11 relevant studies selected for the present meta-analysis cover a total of 996 infection cases. According to the results, the average rate of positive cases for IgM (AU/mL) was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.65-2.55; I2=92.2%), and the sensitivity in individuals with positive IgM test was 63% (95% CI: 47-79; I2=94.9%). In addition, the average rate of positive cases for IgG (AU/mL) was 67.44 (95% CI: 28.79-106.09; I2=99.4%), and the sensitivity in individuals with positive IgG test was 79% (95% CI: 67-90; I2=89.5%). <strong class="sub-title">Conclusions: </strong> According to this analysis, detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies may assist early detection of SARS-CoV2 infection. Whether antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 confer protective immunity warrants further studies.
Antibody,IgG,IgM,rRT-PCR
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47466.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47466_d3db40baa4594d66584027b81394f547.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Does prior immunization with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines contribute to the antibody response to COVID-19 antigens?
47
53
EN
Danesh
Hassani
0000-0002-9003-6773
Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
daneshhassani@gmail.com
Mohammad Mehdi
Amiri
0000-0002-3563-341X
Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
amiri.mm@gmail.com
Faezeh
Maghsood
Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
faezemaghsoud@yahoo.com
Vahid
Salimi
Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
vsalimi@tums.ac.ir
Gholam Ali
Kardar
Immunology Asthma & Allergy Research Institute, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
gakardar@tums.ac.ir
Omid
Barati
Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
omidbarati40@gmail.com
Seyed Mohammad Reza
Hashemian
Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
smrhashemian@sbmu.ac.ir
Mahmood
Jeddi-Tehrani
0000-0002-8831-4711
Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
mahjed@yahoo.com
Amir-Hassan
Zarnani
0000-0003-4503-299X
Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
zarnania@tums.ac.ir
Fazel
Shokri
0000-0003-2940-3404
Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
fshokri@tums.ac.ir
10.22034/iji.2021.87990.1843
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> Incidence and severity of SARS-CoV2 infection are significantly lower in children and teenagers proposing that certain vaccines, routinely administered to neonates and children may provide cross-protection against this emerging infection. <strong class="sub-title">Objective: </strong> To assess the cross-protection induced by prior measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations against COVID-19. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> The antibody responses to MMR and tetanus vaccines were determined in 53 patients affected with SARS-CoV2 infection and 52 age-matched healthy subjects. Serum levels of antibodies specific for NP and RBD of SARS-CoV2 were also determined in both groups of subjects with ELISA. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> Our results revealed significant differences in anti-NP (p <0.0001) and anti-RBD (p <0.0001) IgG levels between patients and healthy controls. While the levels of rubella- and mumps specific IgG were not different in the two groups of subjects, measles-specific IgG was significantly higher in patients (p <0.01). The serum titer of anti-tetanus antibody, however, was significantly lower in patients compared to healthy individuals (p <0.01). <strong class="sub-title">Conclusion: </strong> Our findings suggest that measles vaccination triggers those B cells cross-reactive with SARS-CoV2 antigens leading to the production of increased levels of measles-specific antibody.
Antibody Response,Cross-protection,MMR,SARS-CoV2,Tetanus
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47467.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47467_2866f9f848db52c513482a08052f27a2.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Cytokine profiling in Iranian patients with COVID-19; association with clinical severity
54
64
EN
Saeid
Taghiloo
0000-0002-8813-6046
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
saeid.taghiloo@yahoo.com
Mohsen
Soltanshahi
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
soltanshahimohsen@gmail.com
Masoud
Aliyali
Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
masoud_aliyali@yahoo.com
Siavash
Abedi
Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
siavash.abedi0@gmail.com
Hossein
Mehravaran
Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
lab2002b@yahoo.com
Abolghasem
Ajami
0000-0002-0062-8792
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
ajami36@gmail.com
Hossein
Asgarian-Omran
0000-0003-3816-8792
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
asgarianhossein@yahoo.com
10.22034/iji.2021.87630.1810
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is recognized for the first time in Wuhan, China. The cytokine storm is a known factor causing major clinical symptoms leading to death in COVID-19 patients. <strong class="sub-title">Objective: </strong> To investigate and compare the serum levels of different cytokines in COVID-19 patients with different clinical severity. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> Concentrations of serum cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, were measured in 61 COVID-19 patients and 31 normal controls with ELISA. We investigated the correlation between the levels of these cytokines and clinical severity, CRP level, neutrophil and lymphocyte count in patients with COVID-19. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> Our data indicated that the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, but not IL-10 were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients compared to normal controls. Statistical analysis showed that the level of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF were higher in severe COVID-19 than those of mild cases. The concentrations of all mentioned cytokines were negatively associated with the absolute count of lymphocytes, and positively correlated with the CRP level and the absolute count of neutrophils. <strong class="sub-title">Conclusion: </strong> The current study suggests that high levels of various cytokines correlate with the disease severity and immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
COVID-19,Cytokine storm,disease severity,Iran
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47468.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47468_82e9e14287b741084a96e432dce45fd4.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
The relationship between serum levels of interleukin-2 and IL-8 with circulating microRNA-10b in patients with COVID-19
65
73
EN
Zahra
Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
0000-0002-0120-334X
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
z.barghi1989@gmail.com
Hamid
Ostad Ebrahim
Pediatric Department, Medicine Faculty, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
hostadebrahimi@rums.ac.ir
Fatemeh
Bahrehmand
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
dr_bahrehmand@yahoo.com
Gholamhosein
Taghipour
Department of Surgery, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
gh.taghipoor1@gmail.com
Mitra
Abbasifard
0000-0003-4670-7127
Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
rh.abbasi70@gmail.com
10.22034/iji.2021.88780.1904
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> The role of cytokine storm in the immunopathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been implicated. <strong class="sub-title">Objective: </strong> To determine the association of microRNA (miRNA)-10b and serum levels of IL-2 and IL-8 in patients with COVID-19. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> Blood samples were obtained from 33 COVID-19 patients and 29 healthy subjects. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the transcript level of miR-10b was determined by Real-time PCR. In addition, the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-8 were measured in subjects using ELISA. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> The patient group comprised of 33 patients with COVID-19 (62.4 ± 3.7 years old), 13 (39%) males and 20 (61%) females. In the control group, 29 subjects (56.6 ± 1.6 years old), 9 (31%) males and 20 (69%) females, were included. The expression of miR-10b was significantly downregulated in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients in comparison to the healthy controls (fold change= 0.12, p < 0.0001). The levels of IL-2 (p < 0.001) and IL-8 (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the serum samples of COVID-19 patients compared to the healthy subjects. The expression level of miR-10b was correlated significantly with the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-8 as well as with the age of patients, ESR and CRP levels. <strong class="sub-title">Conclusions: </strong> miR-10b is downregulated in the COVID-19 patients and might result in increased levels of IL-2 and IL-8, hence contributing to cytokine storm.
Coronavirus disease 2019,MicroRNA,Cytokine storm,IL-2,IL-18
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47469.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47469_9b261b1243b514da8784e6361549be56.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Prevalence of COVID-19 Virus Infection in Semnan province
74
81
EN
Elahe
Jandaghi
0000-0002-6477-6356
Internal Medicine Dept., Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
dr.ejandaghi@gmail.com
Maral
Hemati
0000-0003-3869-598X
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
m.scientist1993@gmail.com
Maryam
Mohammadlou
0000-0001-5895-5035
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
maryam.bio.71@gmail.com
Jafar
Jandaghi
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
jjandaghi@yahoo.com
Majid
Mirmohammadkhani
0000-0001-6251-7484
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
majidmirmohammadkhani@yahoo.com
Navid
Danaei
0000-0002-3141-2804
Pediatrics Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
drdanai@semums.ac.ir
Parviz
Kokhaei
0000-0001-6544-4209
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
p_kokha@yahoo.com
10.22034/iji.2021.87670.1826
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) causing a human pandemic disease named COVID-19 has become a major global health concern. Iran as one of the most affected countries needs unprecedented effort for monitoring and evaluation of COVID-19. <strong class="sub-title">Objective: </strong> To determine the seroprevalance of COVID-19 in Semnan province North-East of Iran. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> Six hundred people were randomly selected using the "SIB data-base". From 1 to 30 June, 2020, 153 participants of Semnan population were enrolled. Blood, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples were obtained. Prevalence of IgM and IgG antibodies were ascertained using ELISA and Real-Time PCR was conducted to evaluate viral load. Estimates of prevalence were standardized by age and sex, based on the 2015 national census of Semnan province. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> Seroprevalence showed no difference between females and males and no significant association between age and seropositivity. Among total participants, the age and sex adjusted prevalence of SARS-CoV2 infection was 19.3% (95% CI, 14.0-26.7 per 100 persons). Approximately 10% of participants had detectable antibodies but showed a negative-PCR result. However, approximately 80% of participants did not show an evidence of infection. <strong class="sub-title">Conclusion: </strong> The majority of the population in Semnan province has no detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, Semnan is considered a SARS-CoV-2 susceptible area. These results emphasize the need for maintaining public health measures to tackle the new epidemic wave.
Antibody Response,Immunoglobulin,SARS-CoV-2,Serology,prevalence
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47470.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47470_d39c555e00515c357422611ba3ac76e9.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Prevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibodies in Health-Care Workers Compared to General Population during an Early Phase of the Pandemic, Tehran-Iran
82
92
EN
Sahar
Mortezagholi
0000-0001-6329-9298
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
saharmgh@yahoo.com
Davood
Rostamzadeh
0000-0002-5528-1984
Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
d.rostamzadeh@yahoo.com
Maedeh
Alinejad
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
maedealinezhad339@gmail.com
Vahid
Younesi
Synapse IVD accelerator, Tehran, Iran
younex66@yahoo.com
Payam
Tabarsi
Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute
of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
payamtabarsi@yahoo.com
Mahdi
Shabani
0000-0001-6804-5422
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
msshabani@sbmu.ac.ir
10.22034/iji.2021.88168.1851
<strong class="sub-title"> Background: </strong> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly transmits in general population, mainly between health-care workers (HCWs) who are in close contact with patients. <strong class="sub-title">Objective: </strong> To study the seropositivity of HCWs as a high-risk group compared to general population. <strong class="sub-title">Methods: </strong> 72 samples were obtained from HCWs working in Masih Daneshvari hospital as one of the main COVID-19 admission centers in Tehran, during April 4 to 6, 2020. Also we collected 2021 blood samples from general population. The SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM, and IgG antibodies in the collected serum specimens were measured by commercial ELISA kits. <strong class="sub-title">Results: </strong> Based on the clinical manifestations, 25.0%, 47.2%, and 27.8% of HCWs were categorized as symptomatic with typical symptoms, symptomatic with atypical symptoms, and asymptomatic, respectively. Symptomatic individuals with typical and atypical symptoms were 63.2% and 36.8% positive in RT-PCR test, respectively. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 15.3% and 27.8% of HCWs samples, respectively. Antibody testing in the general population indicated that SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG were found in (162/2021) 8%, and (290/2021) 14.4%, respectively. The frequency of positive cases of IgM and IgG were significantly increased in HCWs compared to general population (p= 0.028 for IgM and p= 0.002 for IgG). <strong class="sub-title">Conclusion: </strong> The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in HCWs was higher than general population indicating a higher viral transmission via close exposure with COVID-19 patients.
COVID-19,ELISA,general population,health-care workers,SARS-CoV-2,Seroprevalence
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47471.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47471_37e1dfb68d88e845ac91b684bc6c56c1.pdf
Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research
Iranian Journal of Immunology
1735-1383
1735-367X
18
1
2021
03
01
Des-Arg9 bradykinin and bradykinin potentially trigger cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19
93
94
EN
Mehrdad
Alikhani
0000-0002-7975-845X
Department of Cardiology, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
mehrdad.alikhanip@gmail.com
Amir
Javadi
0000-0002-6746-6417
Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
dr.javadi6221@gmail.com
Mahdi
Aalikhani
https://orcid.org/00
Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences
aalikhanip@gmail.com
10.22034/iji.2021.89684.1962
COVID-19,Bradykinin,Cytokines
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47472.html
https://iji.sums.ac.ir/article_47472_0bfb741b9e664638967a1635376a84f5.pdf