Maryam Jari; Javad Sadeghi allah abadi; Davood Fathi; Marzieh Attar; Zahra Maleki; Majid Shahbazi
Abstract
Background: Various factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), one of which is Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2). The function of FGF2 is pleiotropic. The investigation of the role of this factor in the myelination has produced conflicting results. Objective: To investigate the ...
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Background: Various factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), one of which is Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2). The function of FGF2 is pleiotropic. The investigation of the role of this factor in the myelination has produced conflicting results. Objective: To investigate the serum levels of FGF2 in patients with MS. Material and methods: Eighty patients with MS and eighty healthy volunteers with no history of inflammation or demyelinating disorders were included, and serum samples were collected to evaluate serum levels of FGF2 using the ELISA technique. Both groups had the same age and gender distribution. For analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Results: Patients with MS had considerably greater serum FGF2 levels than the control group (p = 0.005). There was no difference between the FGF2 level in men and women. Conclusion: Our data indicate that FGF2 levels may be related to the susceptibility of Iranian patients with MS. Further studies are required to analyze the involvement of FGF2 in enhancing the inflammatory process in MS.
Soheila Alyasin; Maryam Khoshkhui; Farhad Abolnezhadian
Volume 11, Issue 3 , September 2014, , Pages 217-220
Abstract
Background: Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is one of the combined immunodeficiency syndromes with immunologic, neurologic, endocrinologic, hepatic and cutaneous abnormalities. Regarding the fact that autoimmune disorders; such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), are not generally expected in the course ...
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Background: Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is one of the combined immunodeficiency syndromes with immunologic, neurologic, endocrinologic, hepatic and cutaneous abnormalities. Regarding the fact that autoimmune disorders; such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), are not generally expected in the course of AT, we present a patient with an unusual presentation of these two conditions. Case presentation: An otherwise seemingly normal girl, who had developed limping at the age of 11 months old, referred to Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, due to pallor and latitude at the age of 3 yrs and was diagnosed with AIHA. After 2 years of therapeutic course she developed ocular telangiectasia and ataxic gate. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the possibility of ataxia telangiectasia coexistence with autoimmune disorders and must be taken into consideration by physicians.
Romina Kazemi; Mobin Mohammadi; Samira Salimiyan; Sara Aliakbari; Moslem Ahmadi; Mohammad Reza Rahmani
Abstract
Background: Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is involved in the treatment of inflammatory and immune system diseases and can affect immune cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their immunomodulatory effects and the potential for the treatment of certain types of autoimmune diseases.Objective: ...
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Background: Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is involved in the treatment of inflammatory and immune system diseases and can affect immune cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their immunomodulatory effects and the potential for the treatment of certain types of autoimmune diseases.Objective: To investigate the long-term effects of LDN on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) to see how their immunomodulatory properties are affected and also how LDN-treated ASCs interact with other immune cells present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Methods: After 14 days of treatment, the ability of LDN-treated ASCs to modulate PBMC proliferation in a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) model was assessed using XTT. The relative expression of IDO, PD-L1, COX-2, HGF genes, and the level of IL-6 and TGF-β cytokines were measured in IFN-γ stimulated and unstimulated ASCs (treated and not treated cells) using real-time PCR and ELISA respectively.Results: Unstimulated ASCs treated with 10-8 M Naltrexone (10-8 M NTX) showed higher levels of TGF-β, compared with the controls (P<0.05). Stimulated ASCs treated with 10-6 M NTX showed elevated expression of IDO, PD-L1 genes, and IL-6 level (P<0.05).Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that various LDN concentrations have dissimilar effects on ASCs’ immunomodulatory properties. A higher LDN concentration induced an alteration in the immunomodulatory features of ASCs.
Parisa Yavari Kia; Behzad Baradaran; Mahnaz Shahnazi; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Vahid Khaze; Shakiba Pourasad Shahrak
Volume 13, Issue 3 , September 2016, , Pages 229-236
Abstract
Background: Preterm birth is a common problem in obstetrics. Objective: To measure maternal serum interlukin-6 in mothers with preterm uterine contractions and compare it with cervicovaginal interlukin-6 in the same women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured interlukin-6 in the sera and ...
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Background: Preterm birth is a common problem in obstetrics. Objective: To measure maternal serum interlukin-6 in mothers with preterm uterine contractions and compare it with cervicovaginal interlukin-6 in the same women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured interlukin-6 in the sera and cervicovaginal fluids of 86 women with preterm uterine contractions. All participants had an intact membrane. Interlukin-6 was measured by using ELISA method. Statistical analysis was done using U-Mann Whitney, Chi-Square and Kendall’s tests. Results: The mean and median (Quartile25, Quartile75) of interlukin-6 in cervicovaginal fluid was higher than maternal serum interlukin-6. There was a statically significant difference in the median of interlukin-6 in sera and cervicovaginal fluid (P<0.0001). There was no significant correlation between serum and cervicovaginal interlukin-6 (r=0.048, p=0.548). Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between serum and cervicovaginal interlukin-6 (r=0.048, p=0.548). Conclusion: We found no relationship between serum interlukin-6 and preterm labor and the maternal serum Interlukin-6 does not seem to be a suitable biomarker for predicting preterm delivery.
Sayed Mahdi Marashi; Shima Izadi; Seyed Reza Najafizadeh; Ahmad Nejati; Majid Teymoori-Rad; Shohreh Shahmahmoodi; Forough Golsaz-Shirazi; Fazel Shokri
Abstract
Background: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder. While studying the pathogenesis of SLE is prevalent, both infectious and non-infectious elements are regarded to exert an important impact on the disease's development. Objective: To explore the overall status of EBV, ...
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Background: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder. While studying the pathogenesis of SLE is prevalent, both infectious and non-infectious elements are regarded to exert an important impact on the disease's development. Objective: To explore the overall status of EBV, TLR7, TLR9, and IFN-α gene expression in 32 patients suffering from SLE and 32 healthy controls. Methods: Plasma and PBMCs were separated from fresh whole blood. To measure EBV DNA load and mRNA levels of IFN-a, TLR-7 and9 in PBMCs, molecular techniques were employed. The production of IFN-α, ds-DNA IgG antibody, and EBNA-1 IgG levels were also measured in plasma by ELISA. Results: SLE patients showed significantly higher EBV load (p=0.001) and transcriptional levels of TLR7 (p=0.0001), IFN-α (p=0.0001), and TLR9 (p=0.0001) than controls. Moreover, the plasma levels of IFN-α (p=0.0002) and EBNA-1specific IgG antibodies (p=0.01) were significantly higher in SLE patients. Conclusion: The results stressed on the potential role of EBV infection and TLRs in SLE patients although more research is needed to determine the global impact that EBV infection can have on immune signature in patients with SLE.
Behrouz Nikbin; Mandana Mohyeddin Bonab; Fatemeh Talebian
Volume 2, Issue 4 , December 2005, , Pages 232-240
Abstract
Tissue and cell transplantation are regarded as a popular procedure in clinical sciences, prospecting a new horizon for several incurable diseases. Along with its usefulness, many ethical concerns accompany this development. The ethical issue of organ transplant is unique to the source used which includes: ...
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Tissue and cell transplantation are regarded as a popular procedure in clinical sciences, prospecting a new horizon for several incurable diseases. Along with its usefulness, many ethical concerns accompany this development. The ethical issue of organ transplant is unique to the source used which includes: living related, living unrelated, cadaveric, and xenotransplant. Obtaining organs has a separate set of ethical concerns which are discussed under two headings, namely salvage and donation. Then there is the issue of organ marketing and the ethical, social, and economical issues it encompasses. All these are active areas of debate, and we have touched upon them by turn. This century has brought a new aspect of transplantation into the light, stem cell transplantation. Here we present some work done recently on mesenchymal stem cells and their outcome. These cells are now being employed in the therapy of some incurable ailments. It seems this kind of transplantation, although possessing its own range of issues, could prove to be the way of the future.
Yue Zhi; Peng Gao; Wei Li; Jie Zhang; Fengling Gao; Jichun Zhang; Haitao Lin
Abstract
Background: CD163-expressing macrophages are involved in the inflammatory response in asthma. Objective: To assess sputum and serum soluble CD163 (sCD163) and cytokine levels in patients with asthma. Further discussed was the difference between sCD163 and other classic inflammatory mediators. Methods: ...
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Background: CD163-expressing macrophages are involved in the inflammatory response in asthma. Objective: To assess sputum and serum soluble CD163 (sCD163) and cytokine levels in patients with asthma. Further discussed was the difference between sCD163 and other classic inflammatory mediators. Methods: Sputum was successfully induced in asthma patients (n=85) and healthy controls (n=21). Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-9, IL-6, and sCD163 levels in sputum were measured. CD163+ monocytes in blood were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results: Sputum sCD163 level significantly increased in asthma (median: 22.4 pg/ml; IQR, 11.52-42.91), unlike healthy controls (10.54 pg/ml;9.85-23.5; P<0.001). Sputum sCD163 (P=0.020) and serum sCD163 (P=0.032) levels were significantly higher in patients with severe asthma compared to those with mild/moderate asthma. Percentage of CD163+ monocytes in patients with asthma was significantly lower than the controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: Increased sCD163 levels in sputum are associated with the impairment of lung function.
Shirin Farjadian; Nasrin Kiyanimanesh; Abbas Abbaszadegan; Mehrdad Lotfazar
Volume 4, Issue 4 , December 2007, , Pages 241-245
Abstract
Background: Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffused palmoplantar keratoderma and severe periodontitis. Increased susceptibility to infections due to impairment of the immune system is considered to be involved in pathoetiology of this disease. ...
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Background: Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffused palmoplantar keratoderma and severe periodontitis. Increased susceptibility to infections due to impairment of the immune system is considered to be involved in pathoetiology of this disease. Objective: According to the crucial function of HLA molecules in immune responses and association between certain HLA class I alleles and some periodontal or skin diseases, this study was designed to evaluate the relation of HLA class I genes and PLS. Method: HLA class I genes were typed by PCR-SSP (Polymerase Chain Reaction with Sequence Specific Primers) method in eight Iranian PLS patients and 89 healthy controls. Results: The results showed no sig-nificant difference between the patients and controls. Moreover, identical haplotypes or genotypes were also observed among PLS patients and their healthy siblings. Conclu-sion: It seems that further genes are involved in genetic susceptibility to PLS. However the results of this study showed no significant association between HLA class I genes and PLS, molecular analyses of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and MHC class I chain-related gene A and B (MICA/B) in PLS may clear many obscure points about the genetic factors involved in these diseases.
Cheah Wen Yapp; Amal Widaad Mohaimin; Adi Idris
Volume 14, Issue 3 , September 2017, , Pages 250-256
Abstract
Background: Cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important ‘molecular signature’ for the detection of intracellular viral infections. Although intracellular dsRNA is a known potent inducer of apoptosis, the optimal time and dose for the onset of dsRNA-mediated apoptosis have not been ...
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Background: Cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important ‘molecular signature’ for the detection of intracellular viral infections. Although intracellular dsRNA is a known potent inducer of apoptosis, the optimal time and dose for the onset of dsRNA-mediated apoptosis have not been studied in detail. Objective: To perform an accurate temporal assessment of the cell death responses in dsRNA-dependent cytotoxicity. Methods: Poly I:C (PIC), a synthetic dsRNA molecule was delivered intracellularly into J774.1 and RAW264.7 murine macrophages via electroporation. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay and apoptosis was determined by sub-G0/G1 DNA content using flow cytometry. Results: Loss of cell viability was seen as early as 3h post-electroporation of macrophages. A significant increase in the sub-G0/G1 DNA content consistent with apoptosis was observed in PIC-electroporated macrophages as early as 3h post electroporation. Conclusion: Intracellular PIC delivery induces rapid macrophage cell death.
Shabnam Pour Abolghasem; Mohammad Reza Bonyadi; Zohre Babaloo; Abolfazl Porhasan; Behroz Nagili; Omid Ali Gardashkhani; Parviz Salehi; Mohammad Hashemi; Mojtaba Varshoghi; Gafar Olade Gaffari
Volume 8, Issue 4 , December 2011, , Pages 251-255
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis is well known as an important infection in pregnant women. Although many serologic methods are available, diagnosis of early Toxoplasmosis may be extremely difficult. Objective: To detect the Toxoplasma IgG antibodies developed at the early stage of infection in pregnant women. ...
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Background: Toxoplasmosis is well known as an important infection in pregnant women. Although many serologic methods are available, diagnosis of early Toxoplasmosis may be extremely difficult. Objective: To detect the Toxoplasma IgG antibodies developed at the early stage of infection in pregnant women. Methods: 225 pregnant women, who were in the 2nd to 4th month of their pregnancy, enrolled in this study. Anti-toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgG avidity were evaluated by ELISA method. Results: The patients were categorized into three groups as follows: Group A, 124 cases; IgG+, IgM+, 55.1%; group B, 99 cases; IgG+, IgM-, 44%; and group C, 2 cases; IgG -, IgM +, 0.9%. Fifty five percent of the pregnant women had positive IgG and IgM among which 7.1% had low avidity which revealed an active infection in the pregnant women. In the current study, 44% of pregnant women had positive IgG and negative IgM, all of which had high avidity, which is an indication that in our population the level of toxoplasmosis infection is high and most women have had contacts with this parasite before pregnancy. Conclusion: In this study, the low avidity test was 7.1% showing that the occurrence of toxoplasmosis infection is still a serious issue. Observation of 45.8% high avidity among group A suggests that either IgM has a high half-life or there is a false positive IgM as a result of rheumatologic disorders. Therefore, avidity test is important in predicting maternal toxoplasmosis which is of value in disease treatment.
Mahendra Narain Mishra; Vinay Singai
Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2010, , Pages 252-256
Abstract
Background: Spondyloarthropathies are a group of closely related inflammatory arthritis which involve the axial skeleton and are negative for rheumatoid factor. Objective: This case-control study was conducted to examine HLA- B27 positivity in patients with seronegative spondyloarthritis (SSA) as per ...
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Background: Spondyloarthropathies are a group of closely related inflammatory arthritis which involve the axial skeleton and are negative for rheumatoid factor. Objective: This case-control study was conducted to examine HLA- B27 positivity in patients with seronegative spondyloarthritis (SSA) as per ESSG criteria and compare the frequency with healthy controls because a lower positivity is reported in Indians. Method: The study included 453 patients and 200 controls. HLA -B27 typing was done by microlymphocytoxicity and/or by sequence specific primers (SSP) using commercial kits. Patients were categorised as Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy, SSA with inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy. Results: HLA-B27 antigen was present in 56% of patient and 3.5% controls with highest frequency in juvenile spondyloarthropathy (80%), followed by AS (76%). The P value < 0.001 for all categories of SSA and overall Odds ratio was 34.9. Conclusion: This study showed HLA-B27 frequency slightly lower than reported in Caucasian SSA patients and in our opinion HLA- B27 testing is extremely useful in young patients with suspected SSA.
Fabio Barra; Simone Ferrero
Hamid Nasri
Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2012, , Pages 266-267
Hamid Nasri
Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2013, , Pages 267-269
Azam Jamshidian; Mohammad Kazemi; Vahid Shaygannejad; Mansoor Salehi
Volume 12, Issue 4 , December 2015, , Pages 311-318
Abstract
Background: Lack of sufficient information on the mechanism of plasma exchange (PE) therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS), has limited this treatment to individual patients with severe relapses who have been refractory to other treatments. This is while PE is used very successfully as a first-line standard ...
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Background: Lack of sufficient information on the mechanism of plasma exchange (PE) therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS), has limited this treatment to individual patients with severe relapses who have been refractory to other treatments. This is while PE is used very successfully as a first-line standard treatment in many other neuro-immune disorders. Recent data suggest that Treg/Th17 counterbalance may indicate the boundaries between promotion and regulation of inflammatory responses in MS and Treg/Th17 ratio may be useful as a marker for monitoring the efficiency of MS therapies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of PE on the frequency and ratio of Treg/Th17 cells through concomitant measurement of the expression levels of Treg and Th17 lineage specific transcription factors, FOXP3 and RORC2, respectively. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 8 relapsed MS patients were obtained before and after a complete course of PE therapy and the FOXP3 and RORC2 mRNA levels were assayed using real-time PCR approach. Results: No significant change in the expression levels of individual transcription factors existed, but a significant increase in FOXP3/RORC2 ratio (p=0.036) was observed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PE therapy influences Treg/Th17 ratio and this maybe a mechanism by which this procedure exerts its improving effects in MS disease.
Mohammad Reza Sobhan; Mahmood Farshchian; Ali Hoseinzadeh; Hamid Reza Ghasemibasir; Ghasem Solgi
Volume 13, Issue 4 , December 2016, , Pages 317-323
Abstract
Background: As a chronic inflammatory condition, psoriasis results from an interaction
between genetic and immunologic factors in a predisposing environment. In spite of
compelling evidence for the role of T cells and cytokines in psoriasis, interleukin (IL)-
10 and IL-22 have not been sufficiently ...
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Background: As a chronic inflammatory condition, psoriasis results from an interaction
between genetic and immunologic factors in a predisposing environment. In spite of
compelling evidence for the role of T cells and cytokines in psoriasis, interleukin (IL)-
10 and IL-22 have not been sufficiently investigated. Objective: To assess the serum
levels of IL-10 and IL-22 in patients with psoriasis compared to healthy controls.
Methods: A total of 28 patients with psoriasis were compared with 28 age and sexmatched
healthy subjects. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) criteria were used
to measure the severity of the disease. Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-22 were measured
in both groups and compared. Results: The mean serum level of IL-10 was 89.5±18.7 in
patients compared to 117.2±23.4 pg/ml in the controls (p=0.36). Also, serum level of
IL-22 was 284.1±49.7 in patients versus 425.4±82.8 pg/ml in control group (p=0.17).
There was a significant direct correlation between levels of IL-10 and IL-22 in patients
group (p=0.0005). The clinical severity of psoriasis was significantly correlated with
high levels of IL-22 (p<0.0001).Conclusions: The decreased levels of IL-10 in psoriatic
patients and direct correlation between higher levels of IL-22 and disease severity
support the clinical implication of both cytokines in psoriasis.
Mohammad Hadi Abbasian; Bahare Abbasi; Nafiseh Ansarinejad; Ali motevalizadeh Ardekani; Esmaeil Samizadeh; Katayoun Gohari Moghaddam; Mahmood Reza Hashemi
Farhad Abolnezhadian; Sara Iranparast; Fatemeh Ahmadpour
Abstract
Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by various gene mutations. The mutations in the STK4 (Serine Threonine Kinase 4) gene, which has a role in the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation, can be a cause of immunodeficiency. In the current paper, we ...
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Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by various gene mutations. The mutations in the STK4 (Serine Threonine Kinase 4) gene, which has a role in the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation, can be a cause of immunodeficiency. In the current paper, we reported a case of identical twin brothers with a novel STK4 mutation, one of whom showed clinical manifestations associated with this mutation with a delay of two years. The mutation in the STK4 gene was identified employing Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), and we described the probable reasons for this delay. We found that the STK4 genetic defect caused almost the same clinical symptoms of immunodeficiency in the twin brothers. Meanwhile, the severity of the disease was higher in one of them, which may be due to extra genetic defect in LRBA, and likely differences in the percentage of B lymphocyte population and CD4+/ CD8+ state.
Ali Pourvali; Saba Arshi; Mohammad Nabavi; Mohammad Hasan Bemanian; Sima Shokri; Mohammad Shahrooei; Nima Rezaei; Morteza Fallahpour
Abstract
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), characterized by a profound decrease in both the number and function of T cells, is related to more than 20 different mutations. Recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1 and 2 seem to be two of the most common forms presenting with various manifestations, ...
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), characterized by a profound decrease in both the number and function of T cells, is related to more than 20 different mutations. Recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1 and 2 seem to be two of the most common forms presenting with various manifestations, including typical SCID, Omenn syndrome (OS), atypical SCID (AS), or delayed onset combined immunodeficiency with granulomas. One interesting manifestation in RAG mutation is the change in the immunophenotype over time, even after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only curative treatment of SCID, it is necessary to differentiate between SCID and OS due to the different conditioning regimens (CR). We present a novel case of atypical SCID (SCID manifestations with more than 300 CD3+T cells) caused by RAG 2 gene mutation whose immunophenotype changed to atypical Omenn syndrome (all Omenn syndrome manifestations except rash, eosinophilia, and elevated IgE) over time.Differentiation of leaky SCID, SCID and Omenn syndrome in RAG mutation genes and overlap manifestations is important in treatment plan and prognosis.
Marilina Tampoia; Letizia Abbracciavento; Marella Morrone; Ruggiero Fumarulo
Volume 14, Issue 4 , December 2017, , Pages 340-349
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that cytokines have an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and can be used as prognostic markers. Objective: To evaluate the IL-6/IL-10 ratio in patients with Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) as a prognostic marker. Methods: Serum levels ...
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Background: Recent studies have shown that cytokines have an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and can be used as prognostic markers. Objective: To evaluate the IL-6/IL-10 ratio in patients with Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) as a prognostic marker. Methods: Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in 13 patients with recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) as well as 10 with EB Simplex (EBS), and in 18 healthy subjects. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio for detecting severe form of EB. Results: The IL-6/IL-10 ratio was statistically higher in RDEB patients than in EBS patients and healthy subjects. The IL-6/IL-10 ratio significantly correlated with BEBS score. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that IL-6/IL-10 ratio >5.6 has a good diagnostic accuracy to identify patients with the highest severity of disease.
Miao Zhu; Jun Zhang; Qingqing Shi; Xing Sun; Haibo Wang; Mei Sun; Yanqing Liu
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a fatal clinical syndrome. The most common cause of secondary HLH is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV-HLH is a common clinical disease with high mortality, easy relapse, and poor prognosis. Therefore, treating EBV-HLH with T and B lymphocyte involvement ...
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a fatal clinical syndrome. The most common cause of secondary HLH is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV-HLH is a common clinical disease with high mortality, easy relapse, and poor prognosis. Therefore, treating EBV-HLH with T and B lymphocyte involvement is challenging, and selecting an appropriate treatment regimen is critical. Moreover, research on how to evaluate the recurrence index after remission is scarce. In this study, we reported a case of EBV-HLH successfully treated with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor in combination with rituximab. The regimen had a good curative effect, and we successfully detected the trend of early recurrence. Our findings indicated that PD-1 inhibitor in combination with rituximab may help to treat EBV-HLH and maintain EBV-infected T and B whole-line lymphocytes.
Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2014
Volume 10, Issue 1 , March 2013
Volume 7, Issue 1 , March 2010
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2005, , Pages 66-66
