Milad Zandi; Emad Behboudi; Mohammad Reza Shojaei; Saber Soltani; Hassan Karami
Abstract
Recently in a review article by Mansourabadi et al. published in the Iranian Journal of Immunology, the authors described the serological and molecular tests for COVID-19 (1). The mentioned review considered helicase (Hel) as a structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 (1). However, based on evidence, the genome ...
Read More
Recently in a review article by Mansourabadi et al. published in the Iranian Journal of Immunology, the authors described the serological and molecular tests for COVID-19 (1). The mentioned review considered helicase (Hel) as a structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 (1). However, based on evidence, the genome of novel coronavirus is approximately 30kb in length and encodes only four structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoprotein (N) (2, 3), although helicase (NSP13) as a nonstructural protein such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (NSP12) encoded by the ORF region and is involved in the replication of the virus (3).In addition, authors reported that hemagglutinin esterase could be used as a favorite target for SARS-CoV-2 Real-time PCR (1); however, scientific evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 as a betacoronavirus lineage B like SARS-CoV lacks hemagglutinin esterase (4-6); thus this protein cannot be a target for detection of SARS-CoV-2. References1. Mansourabadi AH, Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh H-R, Amirzargar A. Serological and Molecular Tests for COVID-19: a recent update. Iranian Journal of Immunology. 2021;18(1):13-33.2. Satarker S, Nampoothiri M. Structural proteins in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Archives of medical research. 2020;51(6):482-91.3. Yadav R, Chaudhary JK, Jain N, Chaudhary PK, Khanra S, Dhamija P, et al. Role of Structural and Non-Structural Proteins and Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. Cells. 2021;10(4):821.4. Kumar S, Nyodu R, Maurya VK, Saxena SK. Morphology, genome organization, replication, and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020:23. Author's Reply:Dear Editor,As we mentioned before, according to references, Coronaviruses have several molecular targets within their positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. These include genes encoding structural proteins, including envelope glycoproteins spike (S), envelope (E), transmembrane (M), helicase (Hel), and nucleocapsid (N). In addition to the genes that encode structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, there are species-specific accessory genes that are required for viral replication. These include RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), and open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) and ORF1b (1-6).References1. Corman VM, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020 Jan;25(3):2000045. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045.2. Holshue ML, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):929-936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.3. Rothe C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):970-971. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468.4. Chan JF, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):514-523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.5. Cui J, et al. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Mar;17(3):181-192. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.6. Lu R, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. A. Amirzargar
Payam Mohammadinejad; Babak Mirminachi; Bamdad Sadeghi; Masoud Movahedi; Mohammad Gharagozlou; Javad Mohammadi; Hassan Abolhassani; Nima Rezaei; Asghar Aghamohammadi
Volume 11, Issue 4 , December 2014, , Pages 282-291
Abstract
Background: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by an increased susceptibility to severe and recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferative disorders, and malignancy. Objective: To evaluate the demographic and clinical data of PID patients ...
Read More
Background: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by an increased susceptibility to severe and recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferative disorders, and malignancy. Objective: To evaluate the demographic and clinical data of PID patients diagnosed in a referral pediatric hospital. Method: All PID cases with a confirmed diagnosis, according to the criteria of International Union of Immunological Societies, who were referred to the Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, Iran, between March 2006 and March 2013 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Results: Three-hundred and seven PID patients were investigated. Predominantly antibody deficiencies were the most common group of PID observed in 118 cases (38.4%), followed by the well-defined syndromes with immunodeficiency in 52 (16.9%), congenital defects of phagocyte in 45 (14.7%), combined immunodeficiencies in 36 (11.7%), autoinflammatory disorders in 34 (11.4%), immune dysregulation in 11 (3.6%), complement deficiencies in 7 (2.3%), and defects in innate immunity in 3 (1%). Selective IgA deficiency was the most prevalent disorder which affected 46 individuals (14.9%). The median diagnostic delay was 15 months. Conclusion: Increased awareness and availability of diagnostic tests could result in the better recognition of more undiagnosed PID cases and a decrease in diagnostic delay.