Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- Atieh Yaghoubi 1, 2
- Samira Asli 3
- Maryam Parhizkar 4
- Maryam Mohammadpour 4
- Ali Khorsand 5
- Mehdi Yousefi 6
- Taravat Bamdad 7
- Saeid Amel Jamehdar 2
1 Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Clinical Research Development Center, Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Hand Hygiene and Infection Control Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
5 Department of Complementary and Chines Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
6 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
7 Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Background: Measuring the level of antibodies produced post-vaccination in response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is considered a strategy for estimating the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines.
Objective: To examine the antibody levels among the healthcare workers in different hospitals in Mashhad, Iran after receiving the second dose of Sputnik V.
Methods: In this study, we enrolled 230 healthcare workers for evaluating the Gam-COVID-Vac or Sputnik V after the second administration in different hospitals in Mashhad. Antibody levels of spike protein were quantitatively evaluated in a sample of 230 negative RT-PCR tests for the COVID-19 individuals. The analysis has been done based on an immunological assay using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The infection history of the subjects and their families was examined through their medical records.
Results: Our results demonstrated a significant association between a higher titer of IgG and a previous history of the COVID-19 infection (P<0.001). Moreover, the chance of detecting antibodies titer more than 50 AU/ml was 16.99 in these people which was significantly higher than in people without a history of infection pre-vaccination [%95CI: (7.38,39.12), P<0.001].
Conclusion: This result demonstrates that the efficacy of antibody production is related to the previous history of the SARS-CoV-2 infections. Ongoing monitoring of the level of antibody among vaccinated populations will help evaluating the effect of vaccines on humoral immunity status.
Keywords
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
- Cyranoski D. Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people [Internet]. Heidelberg: Springer Nature; 2020.
- Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.
- Organization WH. The COVID-19 candidate vaccine landscape. Available online:(accessed on 9 January 2021). 2020.
- Food, Administration D. COVID-19 Vaccines Authorized for Emergency Use. 2021.
- Soleimanpour S, Yaghoubi A. COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go? Expert Review of Vaccines. 2021;20(1):23-44.
- van Tulleken C. Covid-19: Sputnik vaccine rockets, thanks to Lancet boost. bmj. 2021;373.
- Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, et al. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature human behaviour. 2021:1-7.
- Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. The Lancet. 2021;397(10275):642-3.
- Ikegame S, Siddiquey MN, Hung C-T, Haas G, Brambilla L, Oguntuyo KY, et al. Qualitatively distinct modes of Sputnik V vaccine-neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants. medRxiv. 2021.
- Ikegame S, Siddiquey M, Hung C-T, Haas G, Brambilla L, Oguntuyo K, et al. Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Research Square. 2021:rs. 3. rs-400230.
- Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311(5768):1770-3.
- Ingravallo F. Death in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5):e258.
- Cobey S, Larremore DB, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Concerns about SARS-CoV-2 evolution should not hold back efforts to expand vaccination. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2021;21(5):330-5.
- Al-Amri SS, Abbas AT, Siddiq LA, Alghamdi A, Sanki MA, Al-Muhanna MK, et al. Immunogenicity of candidate MERS-CoV DNA vaccines based on the spike protein. Scientific reports. 2017;7:44875.
- Li Y-D, Chi W-Y, Su J-H, Ferrall L, Hung C-F, Wu T-C. Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19. Journal of biomedical science. 2020;27(1):1-23.
- Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F. Role of telehealth in the management of COVID-19: lessons learned from previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola outbreaks. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020;26(7):850-2.
- Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng B-J, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV—a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2009;7(3):226-36.
- Du L, Zhao G, He Y, Guo Y, Zheng B-J, Jiang S, et al. Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces long-term protective immunity in an animal model. Vaccine. 2007;25(15):2832-8.
- Sternberg A, Naujokat C. Structural features of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Targets for vaccination. Life sciences. 2020:118056.
- Hasan A, Al-Ozairi E, Al-Baqsumi Z, Ahmad R, Al-Mulla F. Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. 2021;10:63.
- Kyriakidis NC, López-Cortés A, González EV, Grimaldos AB, Prado EO. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates. npj Vaccines. 2021;6(1):1-17.
- Deming ME, Lyke KE. A ‘mix and match’approach to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Nature Medicine. 2021:1-2.
- Ghiasi N, Valizadeh R, Arabsorkhi M, Hoseyni TS, Esfandiari K, Sadighpour T, et al. Efficacy and side effects of Sputnik V, Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines to stop COVID-19; a review and discussion. 2021.
- Saeed U, Uppal SR, Piracha ZZ, Khan AA, Rasheed A, Waheed A, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels among Sputnik V first dose vaccinated people in Pakistan: formulation of national anti-COVID-19 mass vaccination strategy. 2021.
- Chahla RE, Tomas-Grau RH, Cazorla SI, Ploper D, Pingitore EV, Lopez MA, et al. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a strong immune response after a single vaccine dose. medRxiv. 2021.
- Krammer F, Srivastava K, Alshammary H, Amoako AA, Awawda MH, Beach KF, et al. Antibody responses in seropositive persons after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(14):1372-4.
)